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вот первый ответ:
When discussing Bills of Lading, we must distinguish between a carrier B/L (B/L) and a House B/L (HBL).
The HBL is issued by a NVOCC (non-vessel operating common carrier), also called a NVO.
In some countries, for example Finland, any freight forwarder can act as NVOCC and issue HBL for their ocean shipments. In other countries (e.g. the USA), only companies registered specifically as NVOCC are licensed to issue HBL.
Basically, a House Bill of Lading has 3 functions:
1. A receipt for the cargo
2. A document of title
3. Evidence of a contract of carriage
пока интересно вытанцовывается....
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